Political Theory Essay - 2750 Words

Political Theory (Essay Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourse Name16th April 2013Political TheoryThe concept of equal-liberty as advocated by Saul Newman refers to an idea that is both politically oriented and a concept that is based on an ideology. The concept rose out of the historical trend of treating equality and liberty as two separate entities. Consequently the idea main purpose is to merge two issues fairly and in a multi dimensional approach. As an ideological idea, the concept of Equal-liberty opposes the historic Universalist idea; universalism only comprises of a singular condition of either equality or liberty depending on the context. Universalism as expressed in the ideas of the Pauline enunciation advocates for the equality that is transferred from the faithful and consequently into the human/ man. In the classical anarchism theories, much emphasis is made on the idea of universalism and its direct link to the idea of equality. Universalism is a direct cont radiction of the idea of a different civic principle of equal-liberty; the idea proposed by Newman when advocating for a condition of to simultaneous exercise or enjoyment of equality and while at the same time exercising or enjoying liberty; a condition that translates into a state of equal liberty translating into a singular noun, equal-liberty.The formula of equal-liberty in English bears a historical root into the 17th century. The origin of the civic principle of equal-liberty indicates its direct link to the civic ideas of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the bourgeois revolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. However, the ideological concept of equal-liberty as advocated by Saul Newman is historically older than the bourgeois revolution going back into the moral philosophy of the Roman law although in a situation that involved a problem and its translation in the legal system. The ideals of equal-liberty most significantly trace back to the discourse and the democratic ideals of the Greek polis. Over time, the c oncept of equal-liberty has become reiterated due to its production of a continuous effect. The idea has become reiterated and subsequently iterated by philosophers such as Saul Newman in the modern society. The reiteration has continuously been passed on through social movements and democratic institutions in both the socialist side and in the liberal side.One of the most significant historical events applying the civic principle of equal-liberty was the twin formulation of the French and the American declaration in the years between 1776 and 1789. The twin formulation of the French and American declaration comprised of an iteration of the concept of equal-liberty that was engaging with the events that were original. The events of the French and American declaration inscribed the constitutive reciprocity of both the concept of liberty or independence or freedom and equality. The events occurred in a context that was both partially divergent and partially convergent. While describin g the civic principles of equal-liberty, it is incorrect to refer to equal-liberty as a condition in which we have a constitution revolution of liberty at one hand, and, on the other hand, a revolution constituting of equality and happiness that accompanies liberty. Contrary to much misconception of societies in which equality and liberty exist side by side and only complement each other when necessary, the concept of equal-liberty consists of equal and absolute enunciation of equality and liberty, happiness and revolution or constitution/ freedom/ independence/ liberty simultaneously.In a society that upholds equal-liberty, there is a complete link between equality and its outcome happiness with the concept of liberty, freedom or independence. It is a situation in which the two concepts cannot be split or separated. Any efforts in society shift to a simultaneous struggle to achieve both equality and liberty simultaneously. For instance in struggles for independences, the masses wil l be simultaneously striving for equality in the same instance. However, although the two concepts of equality and liberty constitutively link, they link with a tension that is permanent, and that subsequently leads to a situation of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"impossibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ equilibrium i.e. a balance that can be hardly achieved in society. Despite the level of democracy in a modern state, the state of equal equilibrium between the two concepts of equality and liberty is hard to achieve (Day, 42).To understand the concept of equal-liberty, it is necessary to put three things into proper perspective. Firstly, it is appropriate and fair to understand the idea of a regulative structure of embodying an electus or preferably the proportion of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"negation of the negationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ i.e. Understanding the idea of equality in comparison to the proposition of a negation for negation. In more constitutional text, the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a negation for negationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ sou nds to be positive claiming that human are inherently equal and free or it is the birth right of human being by nature to be equal and free. By the very fact that we are human, we subsequently earn a right to be equal and free i.e. enjoy the concept of equal-liberty. Subsequently, this translates to the interpretation that only violence that is institutional can deprive human beings their inherent right to be fair and free. The institutional deprivation translates to the State deprivation, hence, since human being are all born free and fair, only the State can deprive us the right of being free. However, in the broad sense, the proposition, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"negation of the negationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ arises from an insurrection or revolution and subsequently it gives a summary to the effect of an insurrection. Thus, the idea of a common preposition is made on the practical rejection and the theoretical critique of vested privileges, inequalities and subject relationships of human kind. To be precise, the base is a conviction of a history that holds absolute vindication. It is impossible to carry out discriminations without exercising subjections or in a more traditional language, tyranny. On the other hand, it is not possible to complete or carry out acts that are discriminatory without the acts of inequality. As a result of the double phenomenon, citizenship or preferably political institutions have to be based on a rejection that is double or two-way. Such institutions cannot be grounded on a single rejection since the concepts profoundly embody the negative connection between the two core values among the citizens or the political institutions. The double concept has been reiterated, in many instances, in the history of labor movements, anti colonialist struggles and the feministsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ movements.There is a logical link of the logical contradiction that is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"two-wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ to a key fact regarding the effectiveness, and power of universalism. Th is occurs without putting into consideration the practical limitation in the concept of equal-liberty and its failures in many States; the mere fact of impractical situations and societies in which an authoritarian relationship dominates a State, accompanied by inequalities that consequently destroy the civic principle of equal liberty. It is the sheer contradiction that is practical, and that shows the immortality of the concept of equal-liberty; political institutions and citizensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ who are Subjected and discriminated rebel for the sake, and in the name of the civic principle of equal-liberty. It is the deprivation of the concept that leads to a revolution of the masses in the spirit of the struggle of simultaneous achievement of both equality and liberty; equality in regard to an equal status of the oppressed and the oppressors and liberty in regard to the freedom to exercise the right that every human being possesses. In actual situations, equal-liberty is a principle t hat is denied virtually, although officially valid to every human being at an equal rate. However, as long as it makes the masses seize, as Karl Marx would put it, it will eventually enable a democracy to survive in the midst of civil wars and conflict. In the midst of internal and external conflict, a society will move forward in the essence of striving to achieve an equal-liberty state.Secondly, it is significant to understand equal-liberty not just as any other institution. Equal-liberty in the democracies that are modern can be viewed as an arch-institution. Equal-liberty is an institution that conditions and comes before any other institution in the modern democracy. The development of profound reflections of Arenas on a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"right to exercise rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ was through Newmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s concept. It translated into an analytical context of the most profound human destruction forms and their causes. It applies the principle of a persons rights instituted by a natio n-state universalistic nature in order to acquire a meaning. Equal-liberty is a concept par excellence for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"right to exercise rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ and subsequently puts an emphasis on the notion: that practically citizens can hold a right to exercise their rights if they are in a state in which they do not receive the rights from a sovereign power that is external or from a revelation that is transcendent. Individuals and groups in the context of equal-liberty confer the right to exercise their rights unto themselves or reciprocally grant rights to them.Consequently, a State cannot be in a situation of equal-liberty if individuals do not hold the personal capacity to be equal and free among them. In the context of an equal-liberty state, it is mandatory for the citizens and the respective political institutions to shift from a limited or restricted institutional idea of the state and progressively change into a more naturalistic state of human right discourse i.e. hum an or men who are equal and free by their inhere...

Nelson Mandela - 1149 Words

Nelson Mandela’s Values It will be hard to believe if a person says â€Å"A man who served twenty seven years in prison, turned out to be one of the greatest presidents our world has seen†. Well this did actually happen and this former president is still living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa, he was a leader of the anti-apartheid movement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his release from prison he led a multi-racial party for the first time ever in South Africa’s history. By doing this he was elected as the first black/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has been widely†¦show more content†¦Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adopted a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson â€Å"Democratic leaders set policies through group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others† and this was exactly what Mandela did (Johnson). Mandela’s other key value that supported his leadership and democratic style was his strong disapproval for injustice. Mandela never tolerated injustice; he believed that justice was the only path to success. For instance, when Mandela got to Robin Island where he was to be imprisoned, he was told to jog to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to condemn the condition they were living in. This worked out in their favor and the conditions improved (Hume). This example highlights Mandela’s value for denouncing injustice and oppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the superior decision making process to build commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported this process (Johnson). Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and theShow MoreRelatedNelson Mandela1187 Words   |  5 Pagesis considered a cultural icon is Nelson Mandela; an individual who took a stand against apartheid in South Africa and established great strides toward racial equality in that part of the world. Mandela is considered as cultural icon because he achieved widespread recognition for his accomplishments with racial equality, he established a world-wide organization that researches possible cures for AIDS, and July eighteenth has been designated as international Mandela day. In 1908, the white minorityRead MoreNelson Mandela949 Words   |  4 PagesNelson Mandela The life story of Nelson Mandela has long become a legend, a story that transcends race, borders, culture, or language. He is one of the greatest leaders to ever step foot on this Earth. He was willing to give up his own personal freedoms for the good of his people. Still, his decisions at major points in his lifetime hold lessons for individuals who are inspired of becoming good leaders. Many leaders are inspired by the actions and decision-makings abilities of Mandela. He kept theRead MoreNelson Mandela723 Words   |  3 Pages Nelson Mandela was a leader that has been fairly tried and convicted of complicity in many murders. 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Nelson and his people wanted theRead MoreNelson Mandela Hero1366 Words   |  6 Pages Many people have heard of Nelson Mandela, but what makes him such an important figure? How has he influenced South Africa and the world? Nelson Mandela’s history can clearly tell the tale of heroism. South Africa suffered under apartheid from 1948 until 1994 where Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of So uth Africa. For 46 years, laws of racial discrimination and oppression flooded the land, and police brutality and tensions between the people increased, but it all came to an endRead MoreThe Legacy Of Nelson Mandela1647 Words   |  7 Pages however the man who arguably contributed the most, was Nelson Mandela. He ended an apartheid, with both his philanthropy and political prowess. He united a nation that used to be segregated; which seemed a daunting task at the time, but through the sweat and bloodshed he achieved the impossible. This alone exhibited his heroic characteristics, but to be more precise: both his actions and inactions lead to his success. Furthermore, Mandela was both a strong leader and forgiving at the same-time.Read MoreThe Bravery of Nelson Mandela1431 Words   |  6 Pageslife is free or arrives without trying. In alignment to be brave, a person should have courageous, persistent, and honest Nelson Mandela, the previous leader of South Africa, did not choose to take an easy walk to flexibility. Mandela is highly regarded all through the phrase for his integrity, courage, and dignity to be able to help his people in South Africa. Nelson Mandela is well renowned in his homeland as a champion for his bravery to stand for what he believed was right, and endured yearsRead More NELSON MANDELA Essays619 Words   |  3 Pages Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela is an African American leader who fought for the rights of his people. Through trials and tribulations he stood his ground and kept on fighting. Nelson was a born leader and utilized his talents at an early age. When he was younger he used to take care of his family and make sure everything went right through all the injustice that society bestowed onto his people. Throughout his life Nelson Mandela watched as his people were mistreated and with this in mind he decidedRead MoreEssay on Nelson Mandela777 Words   |  4 PagesNelson Mandela A transformationals Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla, South Africas first black president. Mandela was widely revered by blacks throughout Africa as a symbol of black liberation. He gained almost legendary status through the 1980s as South Africas leading antiapartheid figure, assuming the forefront of the black struggle after his release from prison. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born July 18, 1918 near Umtata in Transkei, in the Eastern Cape, into the royal family of the TembuRead MoreNelson Mandela Biography659 Words   |  3 Pagesexcept for Nelson Mandela, who was sent to jail just for asking that his rights be given to him and his fellow blacks. He spent 27 years doing hard labor but still continued to fight for his rights until he became the president of South Africa. Recently, however, he passed away at the age of ninety-five. This is just a mere reason why I chose him and also to show the influence of paper, ink and some unjust facts in the world. On the 18th of July, 1918, Rolihlahla Mandela, later on called Nelson, was born

The Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans

lSubstance abuse affects an estimated 25 million Americans. This includes the individual abusing the substance as well as others that are indirectly affected by the substance abuse, such as: friends and family of the abuser as well as people injured or killed in accidents related to substance abuse impairment. There are 16 million adults who are considered alcoholics (heavy drinkers) and almost 300,000 people under the age 18 (Mental Health America, 2015). Alcoholism relapse is common. After completing a treatment program more than 60% of alcoholics drink within the first 90 days after treatment and on average only 1 or 2 remain abstinent 1 year after treatment (Maurer Smith, 2009). The use of resources such as Alcoholics Anonymous support, along with a supportive social network, and adequate socioeconomic support has a positive correlation with lasting abstinence and decreased numbers of reoccurrence for alcoholics. With these statistics it is evident that the treatment of alcohol and substance abuse, in general are in high demand today. Substance abuse treatment facilities are funded primarily by federal block grants to individual states, along with state and federal taxes. The U.S Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) inpatient facilities has decreased significantly and now is primarily in outpatient services. Hospitals have closed their specialty detoxification units, leaving these options for alcoholic’s social service agenc ies, self-help groups, jails, someShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans895 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse affects an estimated 25 million Americans. This includes the individual abusing the substance, as well as others that are indirectly affected by the substance abuse, such as: friends and family of the abuser as well as people injured or killed in accidents related to substance abuse impairment. There are 16 million adults that are considered alcoholics (heavy drinkers) and almost 300,000 people under the age 18 (Mental Health America, 2015). Alcoholism relapses are common. AfterRead MoreDrug Abuse On The United States Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse on the Rise in the Community â€Å"In 2014, nearly two million Americans either abused or were dependent on prescription opioid pain relievers (â€Å"Injury Prevention and Control: Opioid Overdose,† 2016.)† The CDC is now saying that the United States is in an epidemic. The purpose of this paper is to explore the increasing drug use in the United States over the last decade. 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Young people view more than 40,000 ads per year on television alone and increasingly are being exposed to advertising on the internet, in magazines, and in schools.1 Advertising has become a hot topic in recent years as more and more ads are targeting younger audiences. Often, parents are not aware that their child is being saturated with advertising nearly every hour ofRead MoreEssay Defining Clinical Depression689 Words   |   3 Pagesinterest in favorite activities, difficulty concentrating, and many other symptoms. It is not simply a mental state but an illness that interferes with the way people feel, function, and think.(2) What are the symptoms of Clinical Depression? The American Psychiatric Association considers people to have clinical depression if they exhibit at least five of the following symptoms almost every day for two weeks, and must show at least one of the first two criteria: - depressed or sad mood most of

Advantages of Online University over Regular University

Question: Discuss about the Advantages of Online University over Regular University. Answer: Introduction The gradually improving reputation of online universities over the regular universities tends to attract more enrollments. According to Open Education Database (2012), almost fifty percent of the higher educational institutions are involved in online learning. Most students tend to prefer online universities as they offer them the privilege to learn at their convenience, incur fewer costs for programmes, access course materials anywhere and broaden their knowledge through interaction with instructors and students Worldwide. This paper will extensively explain the applicability of these advantages in the contemporary environment. Research conducted among the working members states that they opt for online universities because they allow them the opportunity to plan their most appropriate time to conduct their studies. In the interviews conducted in various places of work, the employees seemed to be more delighted of the fact that they can study and as well advance their careers. Approximately eighty percent of the students enrolled in online learning are comfortable as they are spared the physical strain they have to undergo in sitting for hours attending lectures (Open Education Database, 2012). Unlike in regular universities where students are rehearsed to fit in the fixed schedule, learning in online universities is self-paced and autocratic. Learning is done in the rhythm that suits one the best. This enables the students to perform even better since they can revisit challenging chapters for better understanding. The fact that they are not pushed to a stated timeframe to complete their courses is an advan tage to perfect their understanding. According to Shevchenko (2012), studying in online universities is economical and cost-effective. Courses offered online are more affordable than those offered by traditional universities. Though this might not always be the case, online learning is still cheaper as one does not have to incur commuting costs to access learning. Furthermore, one is not required to buy textbooks and other course materials as they are readily available online. Some courses are however provided free online. Those interested are not charged to undertake them. Though no certificates of qualifications are presented at the end of the study, they are relevant for general knowledge. Empirical studies show that students consider online learning more effective because the course materials can be accessed anywhere and anytime. Due inherent characteristics, students have different time-frames at which they work the best; some in the morning and others in the evening (Open Education Database, 2012). Provision of learning materials online enables them to work at their convenient time(Shevchenko, 2012). In regular universities, students have to either go to the library to obtain course materials or to buy them in the bookshops. This makes it hard to study at extreme hours, for example, at night. In online learning, only an internet connection is required to acquire any information needed. This provides an opportunity to engage in learning anytime one needs to. The constant interaction with tutors and other learners online broadens the scope of knowledge (Open Education Database, 2012). Since one is not restricted to any amount of content, they can explore more.This widens the knowledge in certain aspects which is helpful (Open Education Database, 2012) Involvement in online discussion forums empowers students and enhances their communication skills through the expression of ideas. More than fifty percent of the employers Worldwide have trust in online qualifications due to their higher ranking in the knowledge domain. Conclusion Online learning has increased the number of university enrollments due to its countless benefits.The minimal consideration of past educational qualifications gives an opportunity for enrollment for those interested. An integration of web-based learning with regular universities will bring an added value to the quality of knowledge acquired. The continuous improvement in technology is more promising even to bring more reformations in the field of education. References Shevchenko, D. A. (2012). Competitive Advantages of a Modern University: A Virtual University. SSRN Electronic Journal, 10-14. Open Education Database. (2012, January 10). Accredited, Online, Speciality, and Campus-Based Colleges. Retrieved March 21, 2017, from Online Education Leader: https://oedb.org/ilibrarian/10-advantages-to-taking-online-classes/